Plagiarism

Originality and Ethical Use of Sources

Plagiarism, including self-plagiarism, is strictly prohibited. Authors are required to submit work that is wholly original. Where the ideas, data, or exact wording of others are incorporated, these must be appropriately attributed through accurate citation and, where relevant, clearly marked quotation.

Duplicate Publication and Concurrent Submission

Authors should not ordinarily publish manuscripts that report essentially the same research in more than one journal or equivalent primary outlet. Submitting the same manuscript to multiple journals at the same time constitutes unethical publishing practice and is therefore unacceptable.

Acknowledgement of Prior Scholarship

Due recognition of the contributions of others must be consistently provided. Authors are expected to cite sources that have materially shaped the conception, design, framing, or interpretation of the work being reported.

Editorial Screening Procedure

The editorial process includes a staged assessment of originality and attribution. First, the editorial team undertakes a manual review, drawing on both offline and online sources, to verify the adequacy of citation and the correct use of quotation. Second, the manuscript is screened using Turnitin. Where the similarity index indicates potential plagiarism exceeding 20 per cent, the manuscript will be rejected without further consideration.